Main Content

Event Action Languages and Random Number Generation

You can write SimEvents® actions using:

Guidelines for Using MATLAB as the Event Action Language

In general, using MATLAB as the SimEvents event action language follows the same rules as the use of MATLAB in the MATLAB Function block.

  • Include a type prefix for identifiers of enumerated values — The identifier TrafficColors.Red is valid, but Red is not.

  • Use the MATLAB format for comments — Use % to specify comments for consistency with MATLAB. For example, the following comment is valid:

    % This is a valid comment in the style of MATLAB

  • Use one-based indexing for vectors and matrices — One-based indexing is consistent with MATLAB syntax.

  • Use parentheses instead of brackets to index into vectors and matrices — This statement is valid:

    a(2,5) = 0;

    This statement is not valid:

    a[2][5] = 0;

  • Persistent variable guidelines:

    • Manage states that are not part of the entity structure using MATLAB persistent variables.

    • Persistent variables defined in any event action of a block are scoped to only that action.

    • Block can share persistent variables across all of its event action by managing it in a MATLAB function on path (that is invoked from its event actions).

    • Two different blocks cannot share the same persistent variable.

  • Assign an initial value to local and output data — When using MATLAB as the action language, data read without an initial value causes an error.

  • Do not use parameters that are of data type cell array.

Generate Random Numbers with Event Actions

You can generate random numbers using various distributions. There are two modeling approaches to use seeds during random number generation.

  • You can use persistent variables for initializing unique seeds for each block in your model.

  • You can use coder.extrinsic() function to generate seeds without persistent variables.

To generate these random distributions, use code in the Usage column of this table in SimEvents blocks that support event actions or intergeneration time actions.

DistributionParametersUsageRequires Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox™ Product

Exponential

Mean (m)

 
-m * log(1-rand)

No

Uniform

Minimum (m)

Maximum (M)

 
m + (M-m) * rand

No

Bernoulli

Probability for output to be 1 (P)

 
binornd(1,P)

Yes

Binomial

Probability of success in a single trial (P)

Number of trials (N)

 
binornd(N,P)

Yes

Triangular

Minimum (m)

Maximum (M)

Mode (mode)

 
persistent pd
if isempty(pd)
    pd = makedist('Triangular',...
    'a',m,'b',mode,'c',M)
end
random(pd)

Yes

Gamma

Threshold (T)

Scale (a)

Shape (b)

 
gamrnd(b,a)

Yes

Gaussian (normal)

Mean (m)

Standard deviation (d)

 
m + d*randn

No

Geometric

Probability of success in a single trial (P)

 
geornd(P)

Yes

Poisson

Mean (m)

 
poissrnd(m)

Yes

Lognormal

Threshold (T)

Mu (mu)

Sigma (S)

 
T + lognrnd(mu,S)

Yes

Log-logistic

Threshold (T)

Scale (a)

 
persistent pd
if isempty(pd)
    pd = makedist('Loglogistic',...
    'mu',m,'sigma',S);
end
random(pd)

Yes

Beta

Minimum (m)

Maximum (M)

Shape parameter a (a)

Shape parameter b (b)

 
betarnd(a,b)

Yes

Discrete uniform

Minimum (m)

Maximum (M)

Number of values (N)

 
persistent V P
if isempty(V)
    step = (M-m)/N;
    V = m : step : M;
    P = 0 : 1/N : N;
end
r = rand;
idx = find(r < P, 1);
V(idx)

No

Weibull

Threshold (T)

Scale (a)

Shape (b)

 
T + wblrnd(a,b)

Yes

Arbitrary continuous

Value vector (V)

Cumulative probability function vector (P)

 
r = rand;
if r == 0
    val = V(1);
else
    idx = find(r < P,1);
    val = V(idx-1) + ...
    (V(idx)-V(idx-1))*(r-P(idx-1));
end

No

Arbitrary discrete

Value vector (V)

Probability vector (P)

 
r = rand;
idx = find(r < cumsum(P),1);
V(idx)

No

For an example, see Model Traffic Intersections as a Queuing Network.

If you need additional random number distributions, see Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox.

Random Number Distribution with Persistent Variables

To generate random numbers, initialize a unique seed for each block in your model. If you use a statistical pattern, you can manually change the initial seed to a unique value for each block to generate independent samples from the distributions.

To reset the initial seed value each time a simulation starts, use MATLAB code to initialize a persistent variable in event actions, for example:

persistent init
if isempty(init)
   rng(12234);
   init=true;
end

Here is an example code. The value vector is assigned to FinalStop:

% Set the initial seed.
persistent init
if isempty(init)
   rng(12234);
   init=true;
end
% Create random variable, x.
x=rand();
%
% Assign values within the appropriate range 
% using the cumulative probability vector.
if x < 0.3
    entity.FinalStop = 2;
elseif x >= 0.3 && x< 0.6
    entity.FinalStop = 3;
elseif x >= 0.6 && x< 0.7
    entity.FinalStop = 4;
elseif x >= 0.7 && x< 0.9
    entity.FinalStop = 5;
else
    entity.FinalStop = 6;
end

Random Number Generation with Callbacks

In some scenarios, you generate random numbers without using the persistent variables. In this case, use coder.extrinsic() function to make sure that SimEvents is using the function in MATLAB and a seed is defined in the base workspace of MATLAB. This may cause performance decrease in simulation.

Consider this code as an example.

% Random number generation
coder.extrinsic('rand');
value = 1;
value = rand();
% Pattern: Exponential distribution
mu = 0.5;
dt = -1/mu * log(1 - value);

The output of the extrinsic function is an mxArray. To convert it to a known type, a variable val = 1 is declared to set its type to double and rand is assigned to that variable val=rand. For information about extrinsic functions, see Working with mxArrays.

For an example, see Model Traffic Intersections as a Queuing Network.

Parameters in Event Actions

From within an event action, you can refer to these parameters:

  • Mask-specific parameters you define using the Mask Editor Parameters pane.

  • Any variable you define in a workspace (such as base workspace or model workspace).

  • Parameters you define using the Simulink.Parameter object.

Note

With SimEvents actions, you cannot:

  • Modify parameters from within an event action.

  • Tune parameters during simulation.

  • Event actions are not supported with string entity data type.

See Also

| | | | | | | | |

Related Examples

More About