Download Lidar Data Set

Execute this code to download the highway scene data set. The data set contains 1617 point clouds stored as pointCloud objects in a cell array. Corresponding ground truth data, which is attached to the example, contains bounding box information of cars and trucks in each point cloud.

url = '/supportfiles/lidar/data/WPI_LidarData.tar.gz';

outputFolder = fullfile(tempdir,'WPI');
lidarDataTarFile = fullfile(outputFolder,'WPI_LidarData.tar.gz');

if ~exist(lidarDataTarFile, 'file') 
    mkdir(outputFolder);
    
    disp('Downloading WPI Lidar driving data (760 MB)...');
    websave(lidarDataTarFile, url);
    untar(lidarDataTarFile,outputFolder); 
end

% Check if tar.gz file is downloaded, but not uncompressed.
if ~exist(fullfile(outputFolder, 'WPI_LidarData.mat'), 'file')
    untar(lidarDataTarFile,outputFolder);
end
lidarData = load(fullfile(outputFolder, 'WPI_LidarData.mat'));

groundTruthData = load('WPI_LidarGroundTruth.mat');

Note: Depending on your Internet connection, the download process can take some time. The code suspends MATLAB® execution until the download process is complete. Alternatively, you can download the data set to your local disk using your web browser, and then extract WPI_LidarData. To use the file you downloaded from the web, change the outputFolder variable in the code to the location of the downloaded file.

Download Pretrained Network

Download the pretrained network to avoid having to wait for training to complete. If you want to train the network, set the doTraining variable to true.

doTraining = false;
if ~doTraining && ~exist('trainedPointSegNet.mat','file')
    disp('Downloading pretrained network (14 MB)...');
    pretrainedURL = '/supportfiles/lidar/data/trainedPointSegNet.mat';
    websave('trainedPointSegNet.mat', pretrainedURL);
end

Downloading pretrained network (14 MB)...

Prepare Data for Training

Load Lidar Point Clouds and Class Labels

Use the helperGenerateTrainingData supporting function, attached to this example, to generate training data from the lidar point clouds. The function uses point cloud and bounding box data to create five-channel input images and pixel label images. To create the pixel label images, the function selects points inside the bounding box and labels them with the bounding box class ID. Each training image is specified as a 64-by-1024-by-5 array:

A visual representation of the training data follows.

Generate the five-channel training images and pixel label images.

imagesFolder = fullfile(outputFolder, 'images');
labelsFolder = fullfile(outputFolder, 'labels');

helperGenerateTrainingData(lidarData, groundTruthData, imagesFolder, labelsFolder); 

Preprocessing data 100.00% complete

The five-channel images are saved as MAT files. Pixel labels are saved as PNG files.

Note: Processing can take some time. The code suspends MATLAB® execution until processing is complete.

Create ImageDatastore and PixelLabelDatastore

Use the imageDatastore object to extract and store the five channels of the 2-D spherical images using the helperImageMatReader supporting function, which is a custom MAT file reader. This function is attached to this example as a supporting file.

imds = imageDatastore(imagesFolder, ...
         'FileExtensions', '.mat', ...
         'ReadFcn', @helperImageMatReader);

Use the pixelLabelDatastore (Computer Vision Toolbox) object to store pixel-wise labels from the label images. The object maps each pixel label to a class name. In this example, cars and trucks are the only objects of interest; all other pixels are the background. Specify these classes (car, truck, and background) and assign a unique label ID to each class.

classNames = [
    "background"
    "car"
    "truck"
];

numClasses = numel(classNames);

% Specify label IDs from 1 to the number of classes.
labelIDs = 1 : numClasses;

pxds = pixelLabelDatastore(labelsFolder, classNames, labelIDs);

Load and display one of the labeled images by overlaying it on the corresponding intensity image using the helperDisplayLidarOverlayImage function, defined in the Supporting Functions section of this example.

imageNumber = 225;

% Point cloud (channels 1, 2, and 3 are for location, channel 4 is for intensity).
I = readimage(imds, imageNumber);

labelMap = readimage(pxds, imageNumber);
figure;
helperDisplayLidarOverlayImage(I, labelMap, classNames);
title('Ground Truth');

Prepare Training, Validation, and Test Sets

Use the helperPartitionLidarData supporting function, attached to this example, to split the data into training, validation, and test sets that contain 970, 216, and 431 images, respectively.

[imdsTrain, imdsVal, imdsTest, pxdsTrain, pxdsVal, pxdsTest] = ...
    helperPartitionLidarData(imds, pxds);

Use the combine function to combine the pixel and image datastores for the training and validation data sets.

trainingData = combine(imdsTrain, pxdsTrain); 
validationData = combine(imdsVal, pxdsVal);

Data Augmentation

Data augmentation is used to improve network accuracy by randomly transforming the original data during training. By using data augmentation, you can add more variety to the training data without actually having to increase the number of labeled training samples.

Augment the training data using the transform function with custom preprocessing operations specified by the augmentData function, defined in the Supporting Functions section of this example. This function randomly flips the spherical 2-D image and associated labels in the horizontal direction. Apply data augmentation to only the training data set.

augmentedTrainingData = transform(trainingData, @(x) augmentData(x));

Balance Classes Using Class Weighting

To see the distribution of class labels in the data set, use the countEachLabel (Computer Vision Toolbox) function.

tbl = countEachLabel(pxds);
tbl(:,{'Name','PixelCount','ImagePixelCount'})

ans=3×3 table
         Name         PixelCount    ImagePixelCount
    ______________    __________    _______________

    {'background'}    1.0473e+08      1.0597e+08   
    {'car'       }    9.7839e+05      8.4738e+07   
    {'truck'     }    2.6017e+05      1.9726e+07   

The classes in this data set are imbalanced, which is a common issue in automotive data sets containing street scenes. The background class covers more area than the car and truck classes. If not handled correctly, this imbalance can be detrimental to the learning process because the learning is biased in favor of the dominant classes.

Use these weights to correct the class imbalance. Use the pixel label counts from the tbl.PixelCount property and calculate the median frequency class weights.

imageFreq = tbl.PixelCount ./ tbl.ImagePixelCount;
classWeights = median(imageFreq) ./ imageFreq

classWeights = 3×1

    0.0133
    1.1423
    1.0000

Define Network Architecture

Create a PointSeg network using the createPointSeg supporting function, which is attached to the example. The code returns the layer graph that you use to train the network.

inputSize = [64 1024 5];

lgraph = createPointSeg(inputSize, classNames, classWeights);

Use the analyzeNetwork function to display an interactive visualization of the network architecture.

analyzeNetwork(lgraph)

Specify Training Options

Use the rmsprop optimization algorithm to train the network. Specify the hyperparameters for the algorithm by using the trainingOptions function.

maxEpochs = 30;
initialLearningRate= 5e-4;
miniBatchSize = 8;
l2reg = 2e-4;

options = trainingOptions('rmsprop', ...
    'InitialLearnRate', initialLearningRate, ...
    'L2Regularization', l2reg, ...
    'MaxEpochs', maxEpochs, ...
    'MiniBatchSize', miniBatchSize, ...
    'LearnRateSchedule', 'piecewise', ...
    'LearnRateDropFactor', 0.1, ...
    'LearnRateDropPeriod', 10, ...
    'ValidationData', validationData, ...
    'Plots', 'training-progress', ...
    'VerboseFrequency', 20);

Note: Reduce miniBatchSize to control memory usage when training.

Train Network

Use the trainNetwork function to train a PointSeg network if doTraining is true. Otherwise, load the pretrained network.

If you train the network, you can use a CPU or a GPU. Using a GPU requires Parallel Computing Toolbox™ and a CUDA® enabled NVIDIA® GPU. For more information, see GPU Computing Requirements (Parallel Computing Toolbox).

if doTraining    
    [net, info] = trainNetwork(trainingData, lgraph, options);
else
    pretrainedNetwork = load('trainedPointSegNet.mat');
    net = pretrainedNetwork.net;
end

Predict Results on Test Point Cloud

Use the trained network to predict results on a test point cloud and display the segmentation result.

First, read a PCD file and convert the point cloud to a five-channel input image. Predict the labels using the trained network. Display the figure with the segmentation as an overlay.

ptCloud = pcread('ousterLidarDrivingData.pcd');
I = helperPointCloudToImage(ptCloud);
predictedResult = semanticseg(I, net);

figure;
helperDisplayLidarOverlayImage(I, predictedResult, classNames);
title('Semantic Segmentation Result');

Use the helperDisplayLidarOverlayPointCloud helper function, defined in the Supporting Functions section of this example, to display the segmentation result over the 3-D point cloud object ptCloud.

figure;
helperDisplayLidarOverlayPointCloud(ptCloud, predictedResult, numClasses);
view([95.71 24.14])
title('Semantic Segmentation Result on Point Cloud');

Evaluate Network

Run the semanticseg function on the entire test set to measure the accuracy of the network. Set MiniBatchSize to a value of 8 to reduce memory usage when segmenting images. You can increase or decrease this value depending on the amount of GPU memory you have on your system.

outputLocation = fullfile(tempdir, 'output');
if ~exist(outputLocation,'dir')
    mkdir(outputLocation);
end
pxdsResults = semanticseg(imdsTest, net, ...
                'MiniBatchSize', 8, ...
                'WriteLocation', outputLocation, ...
                'Verbose', false);

The semanticseg function returns the segmentation results on the test data set as a PixelLabelDatastore object. The function writes the actual pixel label data for each test image in the imdsTest object to the disk in the location specified by the 'WriteLocation' argument.

Use the evaluateSemanticSegmentation (Computer Vision Toolbox) function to compute the semantic segmentation metrics from the test set results.

metrics = evaluateSemanticSegmentation(pxdsResults, pxdsTest, 'Verbose', false);

You can measure the amount of overlap per class using the intersection-over-union (IoU) metric.

The evaluateSemanticSegmentation function returns metrics for the entire data set, for individual classes, and for each test image. To see the metrics at the data set level, use the metrics.DataSetMetrics property.

metrics.DataSetMetrics

ans=1×5 table
    GlobalAccuracy    MeanAccuracy    MeanIoU    WeightedIoU    MeanBFScore
    ______________    ____________    _______    ___________    ___________

       0.99209          0.83752       0.67895      0.98685        0.91654  

The data set metrics provide a high-level overview of network performance. To see the impact each class has on the overall performance, inspect the metrics for each class using the metrics.ClassMetrics property.

metrics.ClassMetrics

ans=3×3 table
                  Accuracy      IoU      MeanBFScore
                  ________    _______    ___________

    background    0.99466     0.99212      0.98529  
    car           0.75977     0.50096      0.82682  
    truck         0.75814     0.54378      0.77119  

Although the network overall performance is good, the class metrics show that biased classes (car and truck) are not segmented as well as the classes with abundant data (background). You can improve the network performance by training the network on more labeled data containing the car and truck classes.

Supporting Functions

Function to Augment Data

The augmentData function randomly flips the 2-D spherical image and associated labels in the horizontal direction.

function out = augmentData(inp)
%augmentData Apply random horizontal flipping.

out = cell(size(inp));

% Randomly flip the five-channel image and pixel labels horizontally.
I = inp{1};
sz = size(I);
tform = randomAffine2d('XReflection',true);
rout = affineOutputView(sz,tform,'BoundsStyle','centerOutput');

out{1} = imwarp(I,tform,'OutputView',rout);
out{2} = imwarp(inp{2},tform,'OutputView',rout);
end

Function to Display Lidar Segmentation Map Overlaid on 2-D Spherical Image

The helperDisplayLidarOverlayImage function overlays the semantic segmentation map over the intensity channel of the 2-D spherical image. The function also resizes the overlaid image for better visualization.

function helperDisplayLidarOverlayImage(lidarImage, labelMap, classNames)
%helperDisplayLidarOverlayImage Overlay labels over the intensity image. 
% 
%  helperDisplayLidarOverlayImage(lidarImage, labelMap, classNames) 
%  displays the overlaid image. lidarImage is a five-channel lidar input. 
%  labelMap contains pixel labels and classNames is an array of label 
%  names.

% Read the intensity channel from the lidar image.
intensityChannel = uint8(lidarImage(:,:,4));

% Load the lidar color map.
cmap = helperLidarColorMap();

% Overlay the labels over the intensity image.
B = labeloverlay(intensityChannel,labelMap,'Colormap',cmap,'Transparency',0.4);

% Resize for better visualization.
B = imresize(B, 'Scale', [3 1], 'method', 'nearest');
imshow(B);

% Display the color bar.
helperPixelLabelColorbar(cmap, classNames); 
end

Function To Display Lidar Segmentation Map Overlaid on 3-D Point Cloud

The helperDisplayLidarOverPointCloud function overlays the segmentation result over a 3-D organized point cloud.

function helperDisplayLidarOverlayPointCloud(ptCloud, labelMap, numClasses)
%helperDisplayLidarOverlayPointCloud Overlay labels over a point cloud object. 
% 
%  helperDisplayLidarOverlayPointCloud(ptCloud, labelMap, numClasses)
%  displays the overlaid pointCloud object. ptCloud is the organized
%  3-D point cloud input. labelMap contains pixel labels and numClasses
%  is the number of predicted classes.

sz = size(labelMap);

% Apply the color red to cars.
carClassCar = zeros(sz(1), sz(2), numClasses, 'uint8');
carClassCar(:,:,1) = 255*ones(sz(1), sz(2), 'uint8');

% Apply the color blue to trucks.
truckClassColor = zeros(sz(1), sz(2), numClasses, 'uint8');
truckClassColor(:,:,3) = 255*ones(sz(1), sz(2), 'uint8');

% Apply the color gray to the background.
backgroundClassColor = 153*ones(sz(1), sz(2), numClasses, 'uint8');

% Extract indices from the labels.
carIndices = labelMap == 'car';
truckIndices = labelMap == 'truck';
backgroundIndices = labelMap == 'background';

% Extract a point cloud for each class.
carPointCloud = select(ptCloud, carIndices, 'OutputSize','full');
truckPointCloud = select(ptCloud, truckIndices, 'OutputSize','full');
backgroundPointCloud = select(ptCloud, backgroundIndices, 'OutputSize','full');

% Apply colors to different classes.
carPointCloud.Color = carClassCar;
truckPointCloud.Color = truckClassColor;
backgroundPointCloud.Color = backgroundClassColor;

% Merge and add all the processed point clouds with class information.
coloredCloud = pcmerge(carPointCloud, truckPointCloud, 0.01);
coloredCloud = pcmerge(coloredCloud, backgroundPointCloud, 0.01);

% Plot the colored point cloud. Set an ROI for better visualization.
ax = pcshow(coloredCloud);
set(ax,'XLim',[-35.0 35.0],'YLim',[-32.0 32.0],'ZLim',[-3 8], ...
    'XColor','none','YColor','none','ZColor','none');
set(get(ax,'parent'), 'units','normalized');
end

Function to Define Lidar Colormap

The helperLidarColorMap function defines the colormap used by the lidar data set.

function cmap = helperLidarColorMap()

cmap = [
   0.00  0.00   0.00  % background
   0.98  0.00   0.00  % car
   0.00  0.00   0.98  % truck
   ];
end

Function to Display Pixel Label Colorbar

The helperPixelLabelColorbar function adds a colorbar to the current axis. The colorbar is formatted to display the class names with the color.

function helperPixelLabelColorbar(cmap, classNames)

colormap(gca, cmap);

% Add a colorbar to the current figure.
c = colorbar('peer', gca);

% Use class names for tick marks.
c.TickLabels = classNames;
numClasses = size(classNames, 1);

% Center tick labels.
c.Ticks = 1/(numClasses * 2):1/numClasses:1;

% Remove tick marks.
c.TickLength = 0;
end

References

[1] Wang, Yuan, Tianyue Shi, Peng Yun, Lei Tai, and Ming Liu. “PointSeg: Real-Time Semantic Segmentation Based on 3D LiDAR Point Cloud.” ArXiv:1807.06288 [Cs], September 25, 2018. http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.06288.