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Build Full Electric Vehicle Model

This example uses:

Simscape Simscape

The electric vehicle (EV) reference application represents a full electric vehicle model with a motor-generator, battery, direct-drive transmission, and associated powertrain control algorithms. Use the electric vehicle reference application for powertrain matching analysis and component selection, control and diagnostic algorithm design, and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing. To create and open a working copy of the conventional vehicle reference application project, enter

autoblkEvStart

The electric vehicle reference application is configured with a mapped motor and battery. This diagram shows the powertrain configuration.

This table describes the blocks and subsystems in the reference application, indicating which subsystems contain variants. To implement the model variants, the reference application uses variant subsystems.

Reference Application Element	Description	Variants
Analyze Power and Energy	Double-click Analyze Power and Energy to open a live script. Run the script to evaluate and report power and energy consumption at the component- and system-level. For more information about the live script, see Analyze Power and Energy.	NA
Drive Cycle Source block — FTP75 (2474 seconds)	Generates a standard or user-specified drive cycle velocity versus time profile. Block output is the selected or specified vehicle longitudinal speed.	✓
`Environment` subsystem	Creates environment variables, including road grade, wind velocity, and atmospheric temperature and pressure.
`Longitudinal Driver` subsystem	Uses the Longitudinal Driver or Open Loop variant to generate normalized acceleration and braking commands. Longitudinal Driver variant implements a driver model that uses vehicle target and reference velocities. Open Loop variant allows you to configure the acceleration, deceleration, gear, and clutch commands with constant or signal-based inputs.	✓
`Controllers` subsystem	Implements a powertrain control module (PCM) with regenerative braking, motor torque arbitration and power management.	✓
`Passenger Car` subsystem	Implements a passenger car that contains an electric plant and drivetrain subsystems. To model the electric plant, use the Toggle To Simscape Electric Plant button to switch between Simscape™ and Powertrain Blockset™ variants of the plant subsystem. By default, the reference application uses the Powertrain Blockset variant. The Simscape variant incorporates physical connections to provide a flexible way to assemble components.	✓
`Visualization` subsystem	Displays vehicle-level performance, battery state of charge (SOC), and equivalent fuel economy results that are useful for powertrain matching and component selection analysis.

Evaluate and Report Power and Energy

Double-click Analyze Power and Energy to open a live script. Run the script to evaluate and report power and energy consumption at the component- and system-level.

The script provides:

An overall energy summary that you can export to an Excel^® spreadsheet.
Electric plant and drivetrain plant efficiencies.
Data logging so that you can use the Simulation Data Inspector to analyze the powertrain efficiency and energy transfer signals.

For more information about the live script, see Analyze Power and Energy.

Drive Cycle Source

The Drive Cycle Source block generates a target vehicle velocity for a selected or specified drive cycle. The reference application has these options.

Timing	Variant	Description
Output sample time	`Continuous` (default)	Continuous operator commands
Output sample time	`Discrete`	Discrete operator commands

Longitudinal Driver

The Longitudinal Driver subsystem generates normalized acceleration and braking commands. The reference application has these variants.

Block Variants			Description
Longitudinal Driver (default)	Control	`Mapped`	PI control with tracking windup and feed-forward gains that are a function of vehicle velocity.
		`Predictive`	Optimal single-point preview (look ahead) control.
		`Scalar` (default)	Proportional-integral (PI) control with tracking windup and feed-forward gains.
	Low-pass filter (LPF)	`LPF`	Use an LPF on target velocity error for smoother driving.
	Low-pass filter (LPF)	`pass`	Do not use a filter on velocity error.
	Shift	`Basic`	Stateflow^® chart models reverse, neutral, and drive gear shift scheduling.
		`External`	Input gear, vehicle state, and velocity feedback generates acceleration and braking commands to track forward and reverse vehicle motion.
		`None` (default)	No transmission.
		`Scheduled`	Stateflow chart models reverse, neutral, park, and N-speed gear shift scheduling.
Open Loop			Open-loop control subsystem. In the subsystem, you can configure the acceleration, deceleration, gear, and clutch commands with constant or signal-based inputs.

Controllers

The controller subsystem contains the electric vehicle (EV) powertrain control module and the battery management system (BMS). By default, if you have AUTOSAR Blockset, the controller configurations comply with AUTOSAR. If you have Embedded Coder^®, you can generate AUTOSAR-compliant code.

To determine the motor torque and brake pressure commands, the reference application implements a supervisory controller. Specifically, the powertrain control module (PCM) implements:

Regenerative braking control
Motor torque arbitration and power management
- Converts the driver accelerator pedal signal to a torque request.
- Converts the driver brake pedal signal to a brake pressure request. The algorithm multiplies the brake pedal signal by a maximum brake pressure.
- Implements a regenerative braking algorithm for the traction motor to recover the maximum amount of kinetic energy from the vehicle.
- Implements a virtual battery management system. The algorithm outputs the dynamic discharge and charge power limits as functions of battery state of charge (SOC).
- Implements a power management algorithm that ensures the battery dynamic discharge and charge power limits are not exceeded.

Regen Braking Control has these variants.

Controller	Variant	Description
Regen Braking Control	`Series Regen Brake` (default)	Friction braking provides the torque not supplied by regenerative motor braking.
Regen Braking Control	`Parallel Regen Braking`	Friction braking and regenerative motor braking independently provide the torque.

Passenger Car

To implement a passenger car, the Passenger Car subsystem contains a drivetrain and electric plant subsystem. The reference application has these variants.

Drivetrain

Drivetrain Subsystem	Variant	Description
Differential and Compliance	`All Wheel Drive`	Configure drivetrain for all wheel, front wheel, or rear wheel drive. For the all wheel drive variant, you can configure the type of coupling torque.
	`Front Wheel Drive` (default)
	`Rear Wheel Drive`
Vehicle	`Vehicle Body 3 DOF Longitudinal`	Configured for 3 degrees of freedom
Wheels and Brakes	`Longitudinal Wheel - Front 1`	For the wheels, you can configure the type of: Brake Force calculation Resistance calculation Vertical motion For performance and clarity, to determine the longitudinal force of each wheel, the variants implement the Longitudinal Wheel block. To determine the total longitudinal force of all wheels acting on the axle, the variants use a scale factor to multiply the force of one wheel by the number of wheels on the axle. By using this approach to calculate the total force, the variants assume equal tire slip and loading at the front and rear axles, which is common for longitudinal powertrain studies. If this is not the case, for example when friction or loads differ on the left and right sides of the axles, use unique Longitudinal Wheel blocks to calculate independent forces. However, using unique blocks to model each wheel increases model complexity and computational cost.
Wheels and Brakes	`Longitudinal Wheel - Rear 1`

Electric Plant

To model the electric plant, use the Toggle To Simscape Electric Plant button to switch between Simscape and Powertrain Blockset variants of the plant subsystem. By default, the reference application uses the Powertrain Blockset variant. The Simscape variant incorporates physical connections to provide a flexible way to assemble components.

Electric Plant Subsystem	Variant	Description
Battery	`BattEv` (default)	Configured with electric battery
Motor	`MotGenEvMapped` (default)	Mapped motor with implicit controller
Motor	`MotGenEvDynamic`	Interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with controller

Related Examples

EV Reference Application